Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes PDF Download
If you are looking for a concise and comprehensive guide to the first chapter of Class 10 Geography, then you have come to the right place. In this article, we will provide you with the CBSE notes for Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 - Resources and Development. You will learn about the concept of resources, their classification, planning, utilization, conservation, and degradation. You will also learn about the different types of soils in India, their characteristics, distribution, and management. By reading these notes, you will be able to prepare well for your exams and score high marks. You can also download these notes in PDF format for free.
class 10 geography chapter 1 notes pdf download
Introduction
Geography is the study of the earth and its features, including its physical, human, and natural aspects. It helps us to understand the relationship between humans and their environment. One of the important topics in geography is resources. Resources are anything that can be used to satisfy our needs and wants. They can be natural or human-made, renewable or non-renewable, biotic or abiotic, etc. Resources are essential for human survival and development. However, resources are not evenly distributed across the world. Some regions have more resources than others. Therefore, there is a need for proper planning, management, and conservation of resources to ensure their sustainable use and equitable distribution.
What are Resources?
A resource is anything that can be used to satisfy our needs and wants. It can be a substance, a service, or an asset. For example, water, air, land, minerals, forests, wildlife, electricity, education, health care, etc. are all resources. However, not everything in our environment is a resource. A resource must have some characteristics that make it useful for us. These are:
It must be technologically accessible, i.e., we must have the knowledge and skills to use it.
It must be economically feasible, i.e., we must have the money and means to obtain it.
It must be culturally acceptable, i.e., we must have the social and ethical approval to use it.
Thus, a resource is not a fixed or static entity. It depends on human perception and action. Something that is a resource for one person or group may not be a resource for another. Similarly, something that is not a resource today may become a resource tomorrow due to changes in technology, economy, or culture. For example, petroleum was not a resource until humans discovered its use as a fuel. Similarly, solar energy was not a resource until humans developed solar panels to harness it.
Classification of Resources
Resources can be classified into different categories based on various criteria. Some of the common ways of classifying resources are:
On the Basis of Origin
On the basis of origin, resources can be divided into two types:
Biotic Resources: These are the resources that are obtained from living organisms or organic matter. They have life or potential life. For example, human beings, animals, plants, microorganisms, fossil fuels, etc.
For example, metals, minerals, rocks, air, water, etc.
On the Basis of Exhaustibility
On the basis of exhaustibility, resources can be classified into two types:
Renewable Resources: These are the resources that can be replenished or regenerated naturally within a short period of time. They are not likely to run out or get depleted. For example, solar energy, wind energy, water, soil, forests, wildlife, etc.
Non-renewable Resources: These are the resources that cannot be replenished or regenerated naturally within a short period of time. They are finite and limited in quantity. They are likely to run out or get depleted with excessive use. For example, coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals, metals, etc.
On the Basis of Ownership
On the basis of ownership, resources can be categorized into four types:
Individual Resources: These are the resources that are owned by private individuals or groups. They have the right to use and dispose of them as they wish. For example, a farmer's land, a shopkeeper's goods, a person's car, etc.
Community Resources: These are the resources that are accessible to all the members of a community or society. They are collectively owned and managed by the people. For example, a village pond, a public park, a community hall, etc.
National Resources: These are the resources that are owned by a nation or a country. They are controlled and regulated by the government. For example, railways, highways, postal services, national parks, etc.
International Resources: These are the resources that are shared by two or more countries or regions. They are governed by international laws and agreements. For example, the oceans, the Antarctica, the outer space, etc.
On the Basis of Status of Development
On the basis of status of development, resources can be classified into three types:
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Potential Resources: These are the resources that exist in a region but have not been utilized or developed yet. They have the potential to become useful in the future with proper technology and planning. For example, uranium deposits in Ladakh, tidal energy in India's coastal areas, etc.
Developed Resources: These are the resources that have been identified and surveyed and are being used in the present. They have been developed with suitable technology and management. For example, coal mines in Jharkhand, hydroelectric power plants in Himachal Pradesh, etc.
Stock Resources: These are the resources that have been discovered but cannot be used in the present due to lack of technology or economic viability. They may become useful in the future if technology improves or demand increases. For example, water trapped in glaciers and ice caps, hydrogen gas in water molecules, etc.
Resource Planning in India
Resource planning is the process of judicious and efficient use of natural and human resources to achieve sustainable development. It involves identifying, inventorying, evaluating, allocating, and managing resources to meet the present and future needs of people and environment. Resource planning is essential for a country like India which has a large population and diverse natural resources. Resource planning in India involves three steps: need for resource planning; steps in resource planning; and conservation of resources.
Need for Resource Planning
The need for resource planning in India arises due to various reasons such as:
Rapid population growth: India has a population of over 1.3 billion people which is increasing at a rate of 1.2% per year. This puts immense pressure on the available resources and creates problems such as poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, etc.
Inequitable distribution of resources: India has a vast geographical area with varied physical features and climatic conditions. This leads to uneven distribution of resources across different regions and states. Some regions have abundant resources while others face scarcity and deprivation.
forests, etc. This has led to depletion of resources, environmental degradation, pollution, etc.
Global issues and challenges: India is a part of the global community and has to face various issues and challenges related to resources such as climate change, biodiversity loss, energy crisis, water scarcity, etc. These issues require international cooperation and coordination for effective resource planning and management.
Steps in Resource Planning
The steps involved in resource planning in India are as follows:
Identification and inventory of resources: This involves mapping and surveying the resources available in different regions and states of India. It helps to assess the quantity and quality of resources and their distribution.
Evaluation of resources: This involves analyzing and estimating the potential and utility of resources for various purposes such as agriculture, industry, transport, etc. It helps to determine the suitability and feasibility of resources for development.
Allocation of resources: This involves allocating and distributing the resources among different sectors, regions, and states according to their needs and priorities. It helps to ensure equitable and optimal use of resources.
Monitoring and management of resources: This involves monitoring and regulating the use of resources to prevent overexploitation, misuse, wastage, etc. It also involves implementing various measures to conserve, protect, and restore the resources and their quality.
Conservation of Resources
Conservation of resources means using the resources wisely and carefully so that they are not wasted or degraded. Conservation of resources is important for maintaining the ecological balance, ensuring sustainable development, and improving the quality of life. Conservation of resources can be done at various levels such as individual, community, national, and international. Some of the ways to conserve resources are:
Reducing the consumption of resources: This means using less resources or using them more efficiently. For example, switching off lights and appliances when not in use, using public transport or carpooling instead of private vehicles, recycling and reusing paper, plastic, etc.
Substituting the use of non-renewable resources with renewable resources: This means using alternative sources of energy or materials that are renewable or inexhaustible. For example, using solar energy, wind energy, biogas, etc. instead of coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.
Avoiding the overuse or misuse of resources: This means using the resources only for their intended purpose and not for unnecessary or harmful activities. For example, avoiding deforestation, mining, overgrazing, overfishing, etc.
biotechnology, etc.
Creating awareness and participation among the people: This means educating and motivating the people about the importance and benefits of conserving resources and involving them in various conservation activities and programs. For example, organizing campaigns, workshops, seminars, etc. on resource conservation, forming groups or committees for resource management, etc.
Land Resources
Land is one of the most important natural resources as it supports various human activities such as agriculture, industry, transport, etc. It also provides habitat for various plants and animals. Land resources can be classified into two types: agricultural land and non-agricultural land. Agricultural land is the land that is used for cultivation of crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, etc. Non-agricultural land is the land that is used for other purposes such as forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, etc.
Land Utilization
Land utilization refers to the way in which land is used for various purposes. It depends on various factors such as physical features, climate, soil, water, population, technology, etc. Land utilization can be measured by the percentage of total geographical area that is used for different purposes such as:
Net sown area: This is the area that is sown with crops at least once in a year. It does not include the area that is left fallow or uncultivated.
Gross cropped area: This is the total area that is sown with crops in a year. It includes the area that is sown more than once in a year.
Cropping intensity: This is the ratio of gross cropped area to net sown area. It indicates the number of times a crop is grown on a piece of land in a year.
Fallow land: This is the land that is left uncultivated for one or more seasons to restore its fertility.
Culturable wasteland: This is the land that is left uncultivated for a long time due to various reasons such as soil erosion, waterlogging, salinity, etc. It can be brought under cultivation with proper treatment and management.
Forest land: This is the land that is covered with natural or planted trees and shrubs.
Pasture land: This is the land that is used for grazing of domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, etc.
Mining and industrial land: This is the land that is used for extraction of minerals or production of goods and services.
Transport and communication land: This is the land that is used for construction of roads, railways, airports, ports, etc.
Other uses: This includes the land that is used for various other purposes such as residential buildings, educational institutions, recreational facilities, etc.
Land Use Pattern in India
The land use pattern in India shows how the total geographical area of India (32.87 lakh sq km) is distributed among different uses. The following table shows the percentage of total geographical area under different uses in India as per 2015-16 data:
Land Use
% of Total Geographical Area
Net sown area
46.1%
Fallow land
6.7%
Culturable wasteland
4.4%
Forest land
23.4%
Pasture land
3.8%
Mining and industrial land
0.5%
Transport and communication land
2.4%
Other uses
12.7%
land management and soil erosion. India also has a low percentage of mining and industrial land (0.5%) which indicates its low level of industrialization and urbanization. India also has a low percentage of transport and communication land (2.4%) which indicates its inadequate infrastructure and connectivity.
Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
Land degradation is the process of deterioration or loss of quality and productivity of land due to various natural or human factors. Land degradation affects the fertility, water holding capacity, biodiversity, and aesthetic value of land. Some of the causes of land degradation are:
Deforestation: This is the cutting down or clearing of trees and forests for various purposes such as agriculture, industry, construction, etc. Deforestation leads to loss of vegetation cover, soil erosion, landslides, floods, droughts, loss of wildlife habitat, etc.
Overgrazing: This is the excessive grazing of domestic animals on pasture lands or grasslands. Overgrazing leads to removal of vegetation cover, soil compaction, desertification, loss of soil nutrients, etc.
Mining: This is the extraction of minerals or ores from the earth's crust. Mining leads to removal of topsoil, creation of pits and dumps, pollution of land, water, and air, displacement of people, etc.
Industrialization: This is the development of industries and factories for production of goods and services. Industrialization leads to generation of wastes and effluents, contamination of land, water, and air, depletion of resources, etc.
Urbanization: This is the growth of cities and towns due to migration of people from rural areas. Urbanization leads to expansion of built-up area, encroachment of agricultural land, creation of slums and squatters, generation of solid waste and sewage, etc.
Some of the measures to prevent or control land degradation are:
Afforestation: This is the planting of trees and forests on barren or degraded lands. Afforestation helps to restore vegetation cover, prevent soil erosion, conserve soil moisture, enhance biodiversity, etc.
Sustainable agriculture: This is the practice of farming that does not harm the environment or deplete the resources. Sustainable agriculture involves methods such as crop rotation, mixed cropping, organic farming, use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides, etc.
mulching, etc.
Waste management: This is the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastes and effluents generated by various activities such as mining, industry, urbanization, etc. Waste management involves methods such as recycling, reuse, composting, incineration, landfilling, etc.
Public awareness and participation: This is the creation and involvement of public awareness and participation in various programs and policies related to land conservation and development. Public awareness and participation involves methods such as education, communication, campaigns, demonstrations, etc.
Soil as a Resource
Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth's crust that supports the growth of plants. Soil is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil is a vital resource for agriculture and other human activities. Soil also performs various functions such as:
Medium for plant growth: Soil provides nutrients, water, air, and anchorage to the plants.
Regulator of water cycle: Soil absorbs, stores, and releases water to the atmosphere, plants, and underground sources.
Recycler of nutrients: Soil decomposes organic matter and converts it into humus and minerals that are essential for plant growth.
Habitat for organisms: Soil hosts a variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, worms, insects, etc. that help in soil formation and fertility.
Modifier of climate: Soil influences the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere by absorbing and radiating heat and moisture.
Factors of Soil Formation
The formation of soil is a slow and continuous process that takes thousands of years. The formation of soil depends on various factors such as:
Parent material: This is the original rock or mineral from which the soil is derived. The parent material determines the texture, structure, color, and mineral composition of the soil.
Climate: This is the long-term weather condition of a place. The climate influences the rate and extent of weathering, erosion, deposition, and organic activity that affect the soil formation.
Relief: This is the shape and slope of the land surface. The relief influences the drainage, runoff, erosion, deposition, and exposure to sunlight that affect the soil formation.
soil structure, and soil aeration that affect the soil formation.
Time: This is the duration for which the above factors act on the parent material. The time determines the degree and depth of soil development.
Major Soil Types in India
India has a diverse and varied soil cover due to its vast geographical area, varied physical features, climatic conditions, and biotic factors. India has six major types of soils, namely, alluvial soil, black soil, red and yellow soil, laterite soil, arid soil, and forest soil. Each of these soil types has its own characteristics, distribution, and suitability for cultivation. The following table summarizes the major soil types in India:
Soil Type
Characteristics
Distribution
Suitability for Cultivation
Alluvial Soil
- Formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers.- Light to dark in color, fine to coarse in texture, porous and fertile.- Rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime but poor in nitrogen and humus.
- Covers about 40% of the total land area of India.- Found in the Indo-Gangetic plains, deltas of rivers, and coastal plains.
- Suitable for growing a variety of crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, jute, etc.
Black Soil
- Formed by the weathering of volcanic rocks.- Black to dark brown in color, fine to clayey in texture, sticky and cracks when dry.- Rich in iron, lime, magnesium, and alumina but poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter.
- Covers about 15% of the total land area of India.- Found in the Deccan plateau region, especially in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, etc.
- Suitable for growing cotton and other crops such as sorghum, millet, oilseeds, etc.
Red and Yellow Soil
sandy to clayey in texture, porous and friable.- Low to moderate in fertility, acidic to neutral in pH, and poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, and humus.
- Covers about 10% of the total land area of India.- Found in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau, Chotanagpur plateau, and some parts of north-east India.
- Suitable for growing crops such as rice, millet, pulses, oilseeds, etc.
Laterite Soil
- Formed by the leaching of minerals and organic matter by heavy rainfall.- Reddish to brownish in color, coarse and acidic in texture, low in fertility and humus.- Rich in iron and aluminum but poor in lime, potash, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Covers about 2.4% of the total land area of India.- Found in the regions with high rainfall and high temperature such as Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and some parts of north-east India.
- Suitable for growing crops such as tea, coffee, rubber, cashew, etc.
Arid Soil
- Formed by the accumulation of salts due to low rainfall and high evaporation.- Sandy to loamy in texture, light to dark in color, saline and alkaline in nature.- Poor in organic matter and fertility but rich in soluble salts such as calcium carbonate.
- Covers about 12% of the total land area of India.- Found in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, etc.
- Suitable for growing crops such as millet, barley, cotton, etc. with irrigation and proper management.
Forest Soil
- Formed by the decomposition of organic matter from plants and animals.- Loamy to clayey in texture, dark brown to black in color, rich in humus and acidity.- Vary in fertility depending on the type of vegetation and climate.
- Covers about 8.6% of the total land area of India.- Found in the forested regions of Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, etc.
fruits, etc.
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
Soil erosion is the process of removal or displacement of topsoil by various agents such as water, wind, ice, etc. Soil erosion affects the quality and quantity of soil and reduces its productivity and fertility. Some of the causes of soil erosion are:
Natural factors: These include rainfall, runoff, wind, glaciers, etc. that erode the soil by their force and movement.
Human factors: These include deforestation, overgrazing, mining, construction, etc. that expose the soil to erosion by removing the vegetation cover or disturbing the soil structure.
Some of the effects of soil erosion are:
Loss of soil nutrients: Soil erosion removes the topsoil which contains most of the organic matter and minerals that are essential for plant growth.
Reduction in soil depth: Soil erosion reduces the thickness and volume of soil which limits the root penetration and water holding capacity of soil.
Siltation of water bodies: Soil erosion deposits the eroded soil particles into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. which reduces their water storage and quality.
Flooding and drought: Soil erosion affects the hydrological cycle by altering the infiltration, percolation, and evaporation of water. This leads to increased runoff and flooding in some areas and reduced moisture and drought in others.
Desertification: Soil erosion leads to loss of vegetation cover and soil moisture which creates arid and barren conditions in some regions.
Soil conservation is the prevention or control of soil erosion and restoration or improvement of soil quality and productivity. Soil conservation can be done by various methods such as:
Afforestation and reforestation: This involves planting and growing more trees and forests on barren or degraded lands. This helps to protect the soil from erosion by providing vegetation cover and binding the soil particles with roots.
Contour ploughing and terrace farming: This involves ploughing or farming along the contours or horizontal lines of slopes. This helps to reduce the runoff and erosion by slowing down the water flow and creating steps or terraces on slopes.
Strip cropping and mixed cropping: This involves growing different crops in alternate strips or rows on the same land. This helps to reduce the erosion by providing different types of vegetation cover and improving the soil structure and fertility.
Mulching and cover cropping: This involves covering the soil surface with organic or inorganic materials such as straw, leaves, plastic, etc. or growing crops such as grasses, legumes, etc. that cover the soil surface. This helps to reduce the evaporation and erosion by retaining the soil moisture and preventing the exposure of soil to wind and water.
Gully control and check dams: This involves filling up or plugging the gullies or deep channels formed by water erosion with stones, sandbags, etc. or constructing small dams or barriers across streams or rivers. This helps to prevent further erosion by stabilizing the gullies or controlling the water flow.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we can say that resources are anything that can be used to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can be classified into different types based on various criteria such as origin, exhaustibility, ownership, status of development, etc. Resources are essential for human survival and development but they are not evenly distributed across the world. Therefore, there is a need for proper planning, management, and conservation of resources to ensure their sustainable use and equitable distribution. Resource planning in India involves identifying, evaluating, allocating, and monitoring the resources to meet the present and future needs of people and environment. Land and soil are two of the most important resources that support various human activities. However, they are also prone to degradation due to various natural and human factors. Therefore, there is a need for preventing or controlling land degradation and soil erosion and restoring or improving land quality and soil productivity. By reading these notes, you have learned about the concept of resources, their classification, planning, utilization, conservation, and degradation. You have also learned about the different types of soils in India, their characteristics, distribution, and management. You can download these notes in PDF format for free from the link below.
FAQs
Here are some of the frequently asked questions related to Class 10 Geography Chapter 1:
What is the difference between potential and developed resources?Potential resources are the resources that exist in a region but have not been utilized or developed yet. They have the potential to become useful in the future with proper technology and planning. Developed resources are the resources that have been identified and surveyed and are being used in the present. They have been developed with suitable technology and management.
What are the causes and effects of soil erosion?Soil erosion is the process of removal or displacement of topsoil by various agents such as water, wind, ice, etc. The causes of soil erosion are natural factors such as rainfall, runoff, wind, glaciers, etc. and human factors such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining, construction, etc. The effects of soil erosion are loss of soil nutrients, reduction in soil depth, siltation of water bodies, flooding and drought, desertification, etc.
What are the methods of soil conservation?Soil conservation is the prevention or control of soil erosion and restoration or improvement of soil quality and productivity. The methods of soil conservation are afforestation and reforestation, contour ploughing and terrace farming, strip cropping and mixed cropping, mulching and cover cropping, gully control and check dams, etc.
What are the characteristics and distribution of alluvial soil in India?Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers. It is light to dark in color, fine to coarse in texture, porous and fertile. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime but poor in nitrogen and humus. It covers about 40% of the total land area of India. It is found in the Indo-Gangetic plains, deltas of rivers, and coastal plains.
What are the characteristics and distribution of black soil in India?Black soil is formed by the weathering of volcanic rocks. It is black to dark brown in color, fine to clayey in texture, sticky and cracks when dry. It is rich in iron, lime, magnesium, and alumina but poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter. It covers about 15% of the total land area of India. It is found in the Deccan plateau region, especially in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, etc.
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